PART III—The Synthesis Paper
My portfolio: Part III
Synthesis paper
Introduction
Without considering the historical background, my academic journey into my Higher Education Administration program started on August 22, 2016, as a post-doctoral student, and the following academic year (July 2017), my training was converted into my PhD in Higher Education Administration program. Since that beginning in 2016 till the day I defended my dissertation on September 22, 2022, it took exactly six years and one month. Without the COVID-19 outbreak, perhaps I could have completed it in five years.
The questions that spring out of that quite long period of formation, are more than one: What have I learned from all the courses that I took? Have I really equipped myself enough for the mission in higher education administration? What are the outcomes of those years of gaining more skills in the knowledge business industry? In other words, have I grown mature enough for the mission ahead of me?
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize what I was able to acquire during those six years and see what those outcomes look like as far as my preparedness for the mission in higher education administration is concerned.
Review of the overall development program
Worldview
As stated in part I, “The journey,” under philosophical foundations, worldview being “the way you look at the world. It’s the lens through which you [perceive and] interpret all your existence and through which you make decisions. It’s your colored glasses you wear, even if you don’t know you’re wearing them,” (Clay, 2018, January 6, p. 1), after visiting many countries, coming to the US, and undergoing my higher education administration program formation, I have come to the realization that has broadened my understanding of reality and other people. As Kraft (2012) argued, whereby, “just as anything that affects the roots of a tree influences its fruits, so anything that affects people’s worldview will affect the whole culture and, of course, the people who operate in terms of that culture” (p. 388), I can testify that my worldview has deeply been influenced by these last six years of formation in the higher education administration program.
Worldview and culture
It’s very interesting to see how scholars don’t always agree (which is the way academia should be and go). That is what makes the richness of the knowledge industry. That’s also why I have decided to repeat myself concerning the way some scholars such as Clay (2018) consider worldview as separate from culture whereas other scholars like Kraft (2012) argue that worldview is part of people’s culture. I must say that I have not dug deep into it but I see it as a very interesting research topic to look into even though, at first glance, I tend to side with Kraft but this is not out of a serious study, this is only my gut feeling (assumption, people would say).
Worldview, culture, and free will
Whether worldview and culture are together or separate, there is another very important element that needs adding into the discussion, that is free will. Where does free will stand in this whole discussion? Do worldview and culture affect our free will or not? If yes, how much is left for people to freely exercise their will freely so as to be held responsible and accountable vis-a-vis their actions? Are they not victims of their culture and worldview as well? Doesn’t it mean that the whole culture needs changing? Otherwise, it will keep producing people who will be trouble makers and unfit to society. Now, how do we come about such a situation?
On the other hand, if culture does not affect free will, where does free will stand in this controversy between worldview and culture? These are some few questions for consideration as we carry on with the academic conversation.
Human growth and change
This section is somehow the continuation of the expansion or broadening of my worldview. As human beings grow physically, spiritually, the intellectual dimension I went through the past six years was noticeable. In terms of illustration, I can strongly affirm that my “grey zone” or “gray zone” (Monet, 2020, January 24; Tanwar, 2020, September 16; Cline, 2019, February 02, p. 1; Demelim, 2022, September 3, p. 1; Biesler, 2022, February 24, etc.), that stands in the middle, between the extreme black and white, has grown wider, and both the white and black zones have reduced considerably. I like the way Monet (2020, January 24) stresses it when he states that “black and white thinking can hold you [us] back from success” (p. 7) because “grey area thinking means a richer life” (p. 12), even though, Monet argues that, “black and white thinking can give us a measure of security. After all, who doesn’t want to think they have all the answers? But it can also cut us off from the complexity and richness of life” (p. 12), and I can identify with that. In other words, this concept of “complexity and richness of life” has achieved in me more than one goals: (1) keeping me humble so as to help me understand that I do not have all the answers; I don’t know or have all, (2) helping me give room for the other’s point of view, (3) challenging me to keep on looking for more because there is still more to discover and know. Moreover, Cline (2019, February 2) stresses that not only does black and white thinking deprive us of the richness of learning and knowledge as a whole, but it’s “a type of false dichotomy. . , “an informal fallacy which occurs when we are given only two choices in an argument and required to pick one. That is despite the reality that there are multiple options which have not been given due consideration” (p. 2). Therefore, in this case, as it is in lfe in general, humility, tolerance, and flexibility are the keys to such richness and beauty.
Group, higher education administration, and change
As a potential higher education administrator, my formation has added some real value to my life and my profession. Balman & Gallos (2011) help understand this very important concept when they state that “strong academic leaders are skilled in the art of reframing—a deliberate process of shifting perspectives to see the same situation in multiple ways and through different lenses . . . Academic leadership is a noble enterprise—and a challenging one . . . We may never fully escape error and imperfection, but we can do better—and we need to” (p. 13).
What we are saying about “group, higher education administration, and change” is also tant amount to “communication and technology.” When I embarked on my program in 2016, I vividly remember having my first online course ever “Principles of academic writing” with Becky de Oliveira. I was completely lost. In our system (the lecture system), the smart student studies the teacher before studying his/her course as Christensen and Eyring (2011) mentioned it in their book, “Don’t take courses. Take professors” (p. 252) referring to Clark’s uncle giving him advice about how to study and learn. When I could not meet with the lecturer, I was doubly lost: (1) I needed to observe her and her ways but Becky was in Colorado, (2) I needed to even know how to use the LearningHub and access her materials. When I called her to book for an appointment with her, Becky told me I could not meet with her because she was in Colorado. She would see me only during the summer orientation in July 2017. I was completely devastated because I didn’t know where to start and even how to start. Fortunately, the people in the Leadership Department (Evelyn Perez, Keziah Saint-Louis, Matthew Axford) saw my challenge, and they rallied around me, and they helped me out.
What can I say? Because of a broadened, expanded, and richer worldview, having humbled oneself, it becomes more beautiful to work together in a group, change having taken place in creating enough room for the “other” which we call in French “autrui” from which “altruism” is derived. With this worldview and culture, the possibility of building a team for a team spirit and a team work is very possible and laudable. Even though I have always been a “pull together man,” my formation has added even more to that, and I view myself more equipped, more empowered, and more enabled to fulfill my mission in higher education leadership.
However, one needs to realize, as Bolman and Gallos (2011) argue in their book, change is not an easy thing in general, and in higher education in particular. Therefore, the leader needs to have (1) clarity of his/her vision (p. 55), (2) structure the organization (p. 56), (3) getting the structure right (p. 60), structure the change process (63-65), focusing on the three P’s, namely: (1) patience, (2) persistence, and (3) process (p. 65).
Communication and technology
One of the key revolutions history has recorded at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is the information technology revolution.(Novak, 2019, April 11, p. 2).
Definition of communication
Communication is “a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Alhadlaq (2016, January) adds that “communication is one of the most significant aspects of life of all living organisms, especially human beings” (p. 1). Moreover, the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) stresses that “Communication is key.” Then, they add: “It is important for a career center to communicate effectively with all constituents” (p. 3).
Definition of technology
Technology, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is “the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area such as engineering (mechanical or automated, etc.) or “a capability given by the practical application of knowledge” or “a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge”
Definition of communication technology
According to Novack (2019, April 11), “communication technology refers to all the tools to send, receive, and process information” (p. 2). Drew (2022, July 4) mentions at least 13 examples of communication technology elements, (1) social media platforms, (2) blogs, (3) vlogs, (4) live video, (5) conferencing technology, (6) group wikis, (7) group forums, (8) collaborative documents, (9) podcasts, (10) wearable technology, (11) smart speakers, (12) web chat, (13) email (pp. 2, 3).
Role and importance of technology in communication
Novak argues that “In today’s fast climate, efficiency and convenience are the keys to successful communication technology” (Novak, 2019, April p. 2)..
Another point which I like enjoying so much is that, today, you enter the library without entering the library. From my apartment, I enter James White Library virtually without entering it physically, and I check what I need, collect or copy it and get out. All this was not possible some years back. Now, it has become like a joke. Indeed, technology has made research enjoyable.
Research and evaluation
Research has become easy and fast because of the increase of knowledge and the technological aspect of development. Imagine how tedious it would have been if I were to write my dissertation by hand or use a typewriter. A small mistake would call for the change of the whole page, and sometimes many pages to make the rest fit into the whole document. Today, it’s a matter of few seconds or at most minutes, and it is perfectly done.
I still remember my first meetings with Randy Siebold. After a whole semester, he then asked me whether I would go quantitative or qualitative. I didn’t know how to clearly differentiate between the two. I had an idea but I would not spell it out clearly. He then advised that I contact Tevni Grajales and arrange for some independent study with him regarding research methods which I did. I then took EDRM 505 (quantitative) with him. After that, the school programed EDRM 605 (qualitative research methods) also with him. Then I registered for EDRM 611 (Applied Statistics I) and later EDRM 712 (Applied Statistics II) both with Jimmy Kijai. At the end of it all, I saw how I had become equipped with the needed tools for research operation, and doing research had become an easy and enjoyable task.
Personal and professional growth
There is no question, I have grown personally and professionally. Even though I used to be the chancellor of Adventist universities within the West-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists, I can see today that I had some significant loopholes in my leadership. Today, if I were to play that role again, I would do it with much more leadership ease than before.
On a personal level, I feel more confident to be in the academic environment because, somehow, I feel equipped to join the academic conversation with scholars. I know that there is still a lot to learn but at least, I feel and know that I have the minimum to feel belonging.
As far as the professional dimension is concerned, because of the formation that I have received through my program, not only will people not look down on me, but the relationship, and collaboration, as well as the teamwork spirit I may build will not be despised, and the work relationships will be more smoothly than when you are not equipped with the minimum needed tools for the mission entrusted to you.
Moral & spiritual growth
On the moral level, I must admit that I grew morally and spiritually. My moral values are more and better refined, and those can be well pictured in the grid I have prepared as a visual aid:
My personal & professional moral values
The reader will certainly notice the centrality of humility even its golden color without which, anything else will not really work to the fullness to the glory of Jesus because, as it is written in three instances, “God resists the proud but He grants grace to the humble” (Pr. 3:34; James 4:6,7; 1Pe 5:5,6). I believe everything must be sought humbly, prayerfully, in a teachable spirit and way, and everything else follows smoothly (vertically, horizontally, and diagonally). Even the majority of the challenges we face in this our society, if humility comes into it, things will take a more peaceful direction for a solution (see some more details regarding each moral value in Glimpses about myself).
Spiritually speaking, I was to gain more knowledge concerning my personal relationship with my Savior, and Lord, and King, Christ Jesus. Having found myself in this context, without sponsorship (I did receive some help for some time but it completely stopped with the pandemic crisis), without substantial work to support me financially (even the little job I had on campus ended because the campus was closed due to the COVID-19 crisis), in short, nothing around to help me anyhow, I learned to look up and wait only on the Lord. Then, I discovered this key about depending on God. First, from White (1898) that “The path of sincerity and integrity is not a path free from obstruction, but in every difficulty we are to see a call to prayer” (p. 667). I knew a similar sentence but in relation to leadership. Talking about King Solomon, White (1917) stated, “The path of men who are placed as leaders is not an easy one. But they are to see in every difficulty a call to prayer. Never are they to fail of consulting the great Source of all wisdom. Strengthened and enlightened by the Master Worker, they will be enabled to stand firm against unholy influences and to discern right from wrong, good from evil. They will approve that which God approves, and will strive earnestly against the introduction of wrong principles into His cause,” (p. 31), and I recall using it a great deal when I was in leadership. However, the new dimension regarding to the life of sincerity and integrity, that was a new dimension to me, and I learned to live that life of prayer, considering every challenge that came my way as an opportunity God was giving for consultation with Him, and that really changed my spiritual life completely. Moreover, White (1888) stressed in her book The Great Controversy that, “It is a part of God's plan to grant us, in answer to the prayer of faith, that which he would not bestow did we not thus ask” (p. 525). Throughout my program, I had to depend on these key principles for survival. Today, I can confidently declare that my prayer life and spiritual life have grown and developed more strongly.
Personal & professional values
My personal & professional values can be presented (listed) and defined as follows:
Humility: As far as I am concerned, I consider humility the golden value, the greatest gifs apart from the gift of life itself, and Murray (1895) seems to concur with me when he stressed about humility as follows: “Humility: The glory of the creature” (pp. 1, 39, 75). In fact, if I may argue in looking into Scriptures, one can easily see that even God cherishes humility in a special way. Paul, describing the hymn dedicated to humility strongly holds that Christ “humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Phil. 2:8). Peter and James, quoting Prov. 3:34, stress that “God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble” (James 4:6; 1Pe 5:5). Moreover, God, considering the humility of David, called him “a man after His own heart” (1Sam. 13:14).
Mercy/grace: Mercy or grace is a faithful companion even a sister to humility. A humble heart will definitely be ready to grant grace or mercy to those around.
Truth: Another key companion of humility and mercy is truth. Humility and grace or mercy should never be expressed at the expense of the truth. All, whether mercy or humility need to be expressed in all truth.
Integrity: Because of humility, mercy and truth, integrity which is another way of talking of faithfulness and practicing justice or righteousness, becomes the best way of living. With integrity, we have faithfulness, time management principles such as punctuality, regularity, etc. also covered.
Freedom: God created human beings a free will, the freedom to choose. Trying to suppress or control or alienate that becomes a serious ethical issue. In other words, depriving human beings of their freedom brings about the concept of what the French will call “chosification” of humans, which is translated in English as objectification.
Courage: History is full of examples of people who tried to dictate, control, and suppress other people’s conscience and freedom. The Hitlerian Nazi Movement, the communist or socialist regimes, etc., are some of the examples. Therefore, one needs strong courage to defend and protect freedom, truth.
Unity in diversity: Because of all of the above, there cannot be any forced unity. True unity should be in the context of diversity, not uniformity because uniformity has never been the true reflection of authentic or genuine unity (usually, uniformity hides dictatorship behind the veil).
Altruism: Altruism is another important moral value to me. I always need to remind myself of the idea of consider the other person as it is commonly admitted that “my freedom ends [or stops] where yours begins [starts]” (Pinto, 2019, p. 1).
Tolerance: Because nobody is an island, as we consider and value the other person as stated above, we need to learn to be tolerant. Without tolerance, there cannot be any real moral value to uphold.
What finally to say then?
After going through the above points, namely the worldview, the human growth and change, group, higher education administration, and change, communication and technology, research and evaluation, and personal & professional growth, etc. one question remains, that is, whether or not it was worth all the sacrifice that I consented to enroll into this academic program.
Was it worth the sacrifice?
A lot of resources have been engaged and spent into this project. The question, therefore, is: Was all this worth the sacrifice of so much resources (financial with huge debt, mental and physical energies with sleepless nights for years, etc.)?
This very important (but rather personal) question, though calling for an answer, cannot be answered in a general way. Each one, after going through this formation process, will have to sit down, assess, evaluate, and decide to answer for him/herself. As far as I am concerned, I would say that, even though I had initially planned with my wife, Lucie Josephine and the children, that I would spend three or four years (based on my DMin), I had never suspected that I would change school altogether (from the Andrews University Theological Seminary to the School of Education and International Services). Nevertheless, when I ponder all that I went through, I must admit and confess that, as far as I am concerned, for me to be relevant to the knowledge industry in the 21st century, and since, according to White (1891) “We are never to graduate in this Word [world?] until Jesus shall change us to the future life, and then we shall learn through all eternity” (par. 2), indeed, it was worth sacrificing that much. In other words, what I lost in terms of financial and energy resources (physical, mental, even emotional, etc.), I gained it in many ways as far as my personal, intellectual, and professional growth in knowledge are concerned.
Would I repeat it if I were asked to do it again?
Someone would put it this way: If you think or say that education is expensive, try investing in ignorance. You will realize how expensive ignorance is! Ignorance, if not well taken care of, will lead to obscurantism as it happened in the Middle Ages, also known as the Dark Ages. Then the Enlightenment came with the French Revolution in the 18thcentury, opening doors to knowledge exploration and discovery.
On a personal note, sincerely speaking, because of my staying out of the knowledge industry for such a long time (I was out of the classroom when Adventist Education moved into the research system—Our time was the lecture system), when I resumed my academic journey in 2016, I felt that I had become a sort of “illiterate” in the context of the 21st century knowledge economy. It took me quite some time to upgrade myself and get adjusted. Even today, I still feel some gaps. Fortunately, I feel some real satisfaction. I can humbly say that, had I not resumed with the academic environment in 2016, I don’t think it would have been possible again due to the fact that I was aging. So, I think my coming back into the classroom was timely before it was too late.
Therefore, I can confidently say that if I were asked to do again, I would certainly do it, and again and again because knowledge doesn’t have any price. In other words, as it is commonly said that, “knowledge is power,” one would do all that is in his/her ability to acquire power because that is where and when one can exercise his/her freedom more fully and more happily.
The main point
The point of this synthesis paper is that, as Andreasen pointed it clearly in one of his interview responses, citing James T. Laney, “claiming that for a university president, the title CEO, if it is used at all, must stand for Chief Education Officer, not just executive officer. . . So, what does it mean to let education shape leadership? First it implies that leading begins with learning, reading, listening, summarizing data and concluding with new understanding. Second it implies a team approach to leadership and delegation of duties to colleagues” (see Gilbert Wari, 2022, p. ). Never should I think that I have arrived. Never will I feel satisfied with what has been achieved. I would gladly repeat what Sir Isaac Newton said after the discovery of the law of gravity: “All knowledge and understanding of the universe was no more than playing with stones and shells on the seashore of the vast imponderable ocean of truth.” Therefore, I will keep searching, upgrading myself to better know and serve. This is the unceasing mission that must carry on until mission is over on earth as the Apostle Paul put it, “I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith, . . . “ (2 Tim. 4:7—NKJV).
Future plans
My God is big, very big, and almighty. Therefore, I always dream big and do it multi-dimensionally as listed below.
Socio-cultural
Developing a social network
I intend to develop a social network of retirees so as to tap the knowledge and the know-how of those who are still strong to prepare for the launching of the ministry that I am planning to put up (see under “Denominational”).
Engaging in social welfare
I can see that the social welfare is more or less left with the Adventist Relief and Development Agency (ADRA). I would like to establish one that will minister alongside with ADRA but focusing on both the relief and the development aspects of human transformational life for a holistic approach to development. As it stands, ADRA seems to be focusing on the relief aspect of the humanitarian mission only. I raised it some years ago when ADRA celebrated their 30th anniversary but people didn't consider my observation as worth of attention. With my complementary ministry, we will help each other to carry out the Lord's business with authority and power for the glory of our Lord Christ Jesus and for the blessing of the human race.
Denominational
Completing the 65-years of service in the ministry according to WAD policy
I need to go back to Africa in order to complete my mission over there in fulfilling the 65-year policy for duly processed retirement to the glory of my Lord, King and God.
Creating a ministry
As said under social welfare, I am planning to put up a ministry which will be established to fulfill the social, economic, and spiritual welfare project in order to attend to people's needs and dreams to change their lives for the better and bless others while waiting for the fulness at the appearing of King Christ Jesus.
Writing devotional books
God has done so much in my life. I have so many testimonies to put down in writing to encourage other people while I am still around and when I will be gone.
Intellectual (mental)
Keeping on growing intellectually
My intellectual growth must carry on. I don’t want to experience what I experienced in 2016 any longer. I should keep pace with the knowledge business industry as long as my God allows me to be around and able to function.
Completing my formation in diplomacy
I am planning to enroll into the Institute of International Relations in my home country in order to complete my formation in diplomacy. During my leadership, WAD office became the only Division out of the 13 world divisions to have a diplomatic status in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (signed in 2012—see below).
Sharing knowledge in teaching
Teaching some of the competencies that I presented in the portfolio for sharing knowledge with others and keeping on learning, growing, and mastering.
Writing academic articles and books
I am planning to contribute to the knowledge business industry in writing and publishing articles and books for my contemporaries and following generations.
Conclusion
This synthesis paper sums up what I have been able to acquire in Higher Education Program formation at Andrews University, Department of Leadership, during the past six years (2016-2022). It was a quite interesting, exciting, yet challenging experience due to many uncertainties (lack of financial resources, my family being far away from me, some health issues at times, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, etc.). However, it was worth undertaking the journey which ended up being very rewarding because I was able to experience so many things and learn so much. My philosophical foundations have been strengthened and more solid whether it be in education (Vinogradov, A. I., Savateeva, O. V., & Vinogradova, S. A., 2020) in teaching and learning (Guay, M., nd), in educational research (Assalahi, H., 2015, March 02), etc., my worldview broadened, my communication competency has been sharpened, my research expertise has been so much developed, etc. To prove and buttress this, I was able to secure my Optional Practical Training (OPT) with Andrews University in research regarding how to better attend to the needs of new international students. Such a task, I could not have taken it some years back because of the research lacuna I had. Today, I can say that I have been more equipped, more empowered, more enabled for better mission to my fellow human beings, and also, my faith in my Savior and Lord, Christ Jesus, has grown stronger too.
However, no kidding, there is still a lot to learn and achieve. Therefore, I should not slow down thinking that I have arrived. I need to keep on moving forward, improving upon what has been achieved, keep on growing until my mission on earth is over. In other words, this is only a new beginning of greater achievements to start planning. The best is yet to come (of course with hard work because nothing is well earned easily). With God on my side, being “the same yesterday, today, and forever” (Heb. 13:8), only the sky is the limit. Therefore, I view the completion of my program and the development of my portfolio as the beginning of a new learning project to venture into for my Lord, my King, and my God.
In short, I am happy to have started this academic race six years ago, and happier to have completed it successfully, by the grace of the Lord Christ Jesus, without giving up, because, as a common adage says, “Quitters never win; winners never quit.” Today, is the time for rejoicing but also for planning and launching into a new project.
EDAL 667: Leadership in Higher Education (Eliticism Vs. Massification)
EDAL 675: College Student Development Theory (Personal Reflection)
EDAL 675: College Student Development Theory ( Spiritual Development)
EDAL 675: College Student Development Theory (Cross cultural interview)
LEAD 789: Higher Education Finance
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EDAL 675: College Student Development Theory (Personal Reflection)
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